Decoding the Crown: Forehead Ornamentation and the Symbolism of Power in Shang Dynasty Animal-face Patterns in China
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52152/heranca.v9i3/1276Palavras-chave:
Animal-face Pattern; Forehead Ornamentation; Feathered Crown; Materialization of Ideology; Cross-cultural Comparison.Resumo
The forehead ornamentation at the centre of the animal-face patterns on Shang Dynasty bronze has no clear anatomical counterpart. Morphological analysis reveals two main types: square and double F-shapes, alongside recurring rhombic elements. The double-F category can be further subdivided into crown-type and through-type variants. These motifs derive from Neolithic feathered helmets and “jie (介)” character shaped headdresses; they constitute abstract symbols of power. In the typical “two beasts facing the centre” composition, the forehead ornamentation invariably serves as the focal point, whilst the animal forms on either side adopt submissive postures. From the perspective of archaeological semiotics and materialization of ideology, this decoration condenses religious and political power into a single visual expression. Like the artistic traditions of other early societies around the world, Shang Dynasty animal-face patterns employ the design principle of “axial concentration” to better express power.
Downloads
Referências
Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2006). Lingjiatan: Tianye kaogu fajue baogao zhiyi [Lingjiatan: Field archaeological excavation report I]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Boas, F. (1955). Primitive Art. New York: Dover Publications.
Chen, F. (1998). Gugong shangdai qingtong liqi tulu [Illustrated catalogue of Shang Dynasty ritual bronzes in Taipei Palace Museum]. Taipei: Taipei Palace Museum.
Chen, P. (2004). Xiashangzhou qingtongqi yanjiu xiashang pian [Research on Xia, Shang and Zhou bronze ware: Xia and Shang Dynasties]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Press.
Chen, Z. (2001). Zhongguo gudai qingtongqi zaoxing wenshi [Forms and Ornaments of Ancient Chinese Bronze Ware]. Wuhan: Hubei Fine Arts Press.
Childs-Johnson, E & Gu, F. (2009). Yuqi shidai: Meiguo bowuguan cang zhongguo zaoqi yuqi [The jade age: early Chinese jade in American Museums]. Beijing: Science Press.
Childs-Johnson, E., & Liu, Y. (2002). Shangdai qingtongqi wenshi de xiangzheng yiyi yu renshou bianxing [The symbolic meaning of Shang Dynasty bronze decorations and human-animal transformation]. Yindu Xuekan [Yindu Journal], (2), 22-28. https://doi.org/10.16140/j.cnki.ydxk.2002.02.006
Coe, M. D. (1965). The Olmec style and its distributions. In Gordon R. Willey (Ed.), Handbook of Middle American Indians, Volumes 2 and 3: Archaeology of Southern Mesoamerica (pp. 739-775). University of Texas Press.
Coward, F., & Gamble, C. (2008). Big brains, small worlds: material culture and the evolution of the mind. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363(1499), 1969-1979. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0004
DeMarrais, E., Castillo, L. J., & Earle, T. (1996). Ideology, materialization, and power strategies. Current anthropology, 37(1), 15-31. https://doi.org/10.1086/204472
Deydier, C. (2016). Understanding ancient Chinese bronzes: Their importance in Chinese culture, their shapes, functions and motifs. (Y. Yang & X. Jie, Trans.). Nanjing: Yilin Press.
Du, N. (2007). Qingtong liyueqi [Bronze ritual and musical vessels]. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Earle, T. (1997). How chiefs come to power: The political economy in prehistory. Stanford University Press.
Editorial Committee of Complete Collection of Chinese Bronzes (1997a). Zhongguo qingtongqi quanji [Complete collection of Chinese bronzes], Vol. 1: Xia and Shang Dynasty. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Editorial Committee of Complete Collection of Chinese Bronzes (1997b). Zhongguo qingtongqi quanji [Complete collection of Chinese bronzes], Vol 2: Shang Dynasty. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Editorial Committee of Complete Collection of Chinese Bronzes (1997c). Zhongguo qingtongqi quanji [Complete collection of Chinese bronzes], Vol 3: Shang Dynasty. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Editorial Committee of Complete Collection of Chinese Bronzes (1997d). Zhongguo qingtongqi quanji [Complete collection of Chinese bronzes], Vol 4: Shang Dynasty. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Editorial Group of Henan Excavated Shang and Zhou Bronze Ware (1981). Henan chutu shangzhou qingtongqi yi, Vol. 1 [Henan excavated Shang and Zhou bronze ware]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Field Archaeology Research Centre of the National Museum of China, Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology & Yuanqu County Museum (2014). Yuanqu shangcheng 2, 1988-2003 niandu kaogu fajue baogao [Yuanqu shangcheng. 2: Annual archaeological excavation reports 1988-2003]. Beijing: Science Press.
Gell, A. (1998). Art and Agency: An anthropological theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gu, F. (Ed.). (2005a). Zhongguo chutu yuqi quanji [The complete collection of jades unearthed in China, Vol. 4: Shandong]. Beijing: Science Press.
Gu, F. (Ed.). (2005b). Zhongguo chutu yuqi quanji [The complete collection of jades unearthed in China, Vol. 8: Zhejiang] . Beijing: Science Press.
Guo, J. (2016). Tianshen yu tiandi zhidao: Wuxi xinyang yu chuantong sixiang yuanyuan [Heavenly deities and the way of heaven and earth: The origins of shamanic beliefs and traditional thought]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Press.
Guo, M. (1962). Changan xian zhangjiapo tongqi qun mingwen huishi [Collected interpretations of inscriptions on bronze ware from Zhangjiapo, Chang’an County]. Kaogu Xuebao [Acta Archaeologica Sinica], (1), 1-14. Retrieved from https://ncpssd.org/Literature/secure/articleinfo?params=MGxGRHM5NkdidXFaNlBucmFIMzI2blNVbldQQmk0M0ZEeFlnUWd0TzJLa2RGK2V4OSsxT3FUcWpWMGRkSDk3UnJUSzJSdGJPLzhabkY1Z1VDWUNlZXlpekpodTFyNXlrL3FZcHZDQ05mNE5XczlhYzFyR3VIQ0tnNjVSb2NBbnc&pageUrl=https%253A%252F%252Fncpssd.org%252FLiterature%252Farticlelist%253FsType%253D0%2526search%253DKElLVEU9IumVv%252BWuieWOv%252BW8oOWutuWdoemTnOWZqOe%252BpOmTreaWh%252Baxh%252BmHiiIgT1IgSUtQWVRFPSLplb%252Flronljr%252FlvKDlrrblnaHpk5zlmajnvqTpk63mlofmsYfph4oiICBPUiBJS1NUPSLplb%252Flronljr%252FlvKDlrrblnaHpk5zlmajnvqTpk63mlofmsYfph4oiIE9SIElLRVQ9IumVv%252BWuieWOv%252BW8oOWutuWdoemTnOWZqOe%252BpOmTreaWh%252Baxh%252BmHiiIgT1IgSUtTRT0i6ZW%252F5a6J5Y6%252F5byg5a625Z2h6ZOc5Zmo576k6ZOt5paH5rGH6YeKIik%253D%2526searchname%253D6aKY5ZCNL%252BWFs%252BmUruivjT0i6ZW%252F5a6J5Y6%252F5byg5a625Z2h6ZOc5Zmo576k6ZOt5paH5rGH6YeKIg%253D%253D%2526nav%253D0%2526ajaxKeys%253D6ZW%252F5a6J5Y6%252F5byg5a625Z2h6ZOc5Zmo576k6ZOt5paH5rGH6YeK
Han, D. (2018). Zaoqi yishu zhong “shoumian-lingxing” zhuti yanjiu [Research on the "beast-face-rhombus" theme in early art]. Zhongguo meishu yanjiu [Chinese Fine Arts Research], (3), 16-25. https://qikan.cqvip.com/Qikan/Article/Detail?id=676877048
Han, D. (2022). Taotiewen yuanyuan yanjiu [Research on the Origins of the Taotie Pattern]. Xingxiang shixue [Image Historical Studies], (4), 3-51. Retrieved from https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=VfSiRbMmQk0zi8Rz-anpKRyAgxfL6pjawY3MV4JXdWN06d50vT5_O3hkbHfc3m9etIT15ELqXNVyLVyBU_LBH_ENIM7aUSIA6thzeCbybafKVh5LbW5zedCKBPYNHN88YMNI2kvXXL2In1CRuxy_0g9c77oOMZ8FyryeOGV-LTU=&uniplatform=NZKPT
Han, D., & Cui, S. (2024). Zaoqi yishu zhong de "jie" zixing wenshi yanjiu [Research on the "jie" character-shaped ornament in early art]. Xingxiang shixue [Image Historical Studies], (1), 37-66. Retrieved from https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=VfSiRbMmQk3bjDgAaLx8Y8GNqCmL9pzdE4MkePIWzW2UQ40WjKBJi-2ANmfmbIG7ONeLXtkJNnsNx8juSjFsD3aHj9XbGEz9nrAtkb73919ILZLHOI2GmpCbguYBoK9hYUGwdGkNYZlnS7gbxBFIbWlRjkFRiMFe-tANtzlgURo=&uniplatform=NZKPT
Hayashi, M. (1990). Suowei taotiewen biaoxian de shi shenme: Genju tongshidai ziliao zhi lunzheng [What does the So-called Taotie Pattern Represent? An Argument Based on Contemporary Materials]. In T. Higuchi (Ed.), Riben kaoguxue yanjiuzhe zhongguo kaoguxue yanjiu lunwenji [Japanese Archaeologists’ Studies on Chinese Archaeology] (F. Cai, Trans.). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
Hayashi, M. (2016). Shen yu shou de wenyang xue: Zhongguo gudai zhushen [The iconography of gods and Beasts: The deities of ancient China] (Y. Chang et al., Trans.). Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company.
Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics. (1985). Gaocheng taixi shangdai yizhi [Gaocheng Taixi Shang Dynasty site]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Hedeager, L. (2011). Iron age myth and materiality: An archaeology of Scandinavia AD 400-1000. London and New York:Routledge.
Henan Provincial Cultural Bureau Cultural Relics Work Team (1959). Zhengzhou Erligang. Beijing: Science Press.
Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2001). Zhengzhou shangcheng 1953-1985 nian kaogu fajue baogao [Zhengzhou Shang city: Archaeological excavation report 1953-1985]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Holm, B. (2015). Northwest Coast Indian art: An analysis of form. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.
Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2001). Panlongcheng 1963-1994 nian kaogu fajue baogao [Panlongcheng: Archaeological Excavation Reports 1963–1994]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, & Li County Museum. (2020). Hunan lixian sunjiagang yizhi mudi 2016-2018 nian fajue jianbao [Brief report on the 2016-2018 excavations at the Sunjiagang site cemetery, Li County, Hunan]. Kaogu [Archaeology], (6), 53-76. Retrieved from https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=VfSiRbMmQk3m6GgYUljragS_-OUoDaTAqErccXarOUS-2VEU8BTLwtKXWBzCMCSZomK5jknEmIsOfyLa0Iitb9kyhcFHMnVOsKKYASlR0Js77wkcfD8PWEouJ7CMUM3VigLxuy5ICP0obQ3WSH1Nj3Vc7wYGQOCnwD5RcPH64k0=&uniplatform=NZKPT
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (1962). Meidiguozhuyi jielue de woguo yinzhou tongqi jilu [Catalogue of Yin-Zhou bronzes looted by American imperialism]. Beijing: Science Press.
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (1980). Yinxu fuhao mu [The tomb of Fuhao at Yinxu]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (2007). Anyang yinxu huangyuanzhuang dongdi shangdai muzang [Shang Dynasty tombs at Huayuanzhuang east site, Yinxu, Anyang]. Beijing: Science Press.
Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences & Anyang Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2008). Yinxu xinchutu qingtongqi [Newly Excavated Bronze Ware from Yinxu]. Kunming: Yunnan People’s Press.
Jin, Z. (2001). Shengmingzhishu yu zhongguo minjian minsu yishu [The tree of life and Chinese folk art]. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press.
Jingzhou Museum (2008). Shijiahe wenhua yuqi [Jade artifacts of the Shijiahe culture]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Karlgren, B. (1951). Notes on the grammer of early bronze decor. Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 23: 1-80.
Knappett, C. (2005). Thinking through material culture: An interdisciplinary perspective. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Li, B. (2018a). Zhongguo chutu qingtongqi quanji [Complete collection of chinese excavated bronzes] (Vol. 2: Hebei) Beijing: Longmen Publishing House.
Li, B. (2018b). Zhongguo chutu qingtongqi quanji [Complete collection of chinese excavated bronzes] (Vol. 3: Shanxi, Part I) Beijing: Longmen Publishing House.
Li, B. (2018c). Zhongguo chutu qingtongqi quanji [Complete collection of chinese excavated bronzes] (Vol. 5: Shandong, Part I). Beijing: Longmen Publishing House.
Li, Boqian (2018d). Zhongguo chutu qingtongqi quanji [Complete collection of chinese excavated bronzes] (Vol. 9: Henan, Part I). Beijing: Longmen Publishing House.
Li, B. (2018e). Zhongguo chutu qingtongqi quanji [Complete collection of chinese excavated bronzes] (Vol. 15: Shaanxi, Part I). Beijing: Longmen Publishing House.
Li, B. (2018f). Zhongguo chutu qingtongqi quanji [Complete collection of chinese excavated bronzes] (Vol. 18: Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, Qinghai). Beijing: Longmen Publishing House.
Li, B. (2018g). Zhongguo chutu qingtongqi quanji [Complete collection of chinese excavated bronzes] (Vol. 19: Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi). Beijing: Longmen Publishing House.
Li, X. (1987). Lun xinchu dawenkou wenhua taoqi fuhao [On symbols in recently discovered dawenkou culture pottery], Wenwu [Cultural Relics], (12), 75-80, 85. doi: 10.13619/j.cnki.cn11-1532/k.1987.12.007
Li, X. (1991). Liangzhu wenhua yuqi yu taotiewen de yanbian [The evolution of liangzhu culture jade artifacts and the taotie pattern], Dongnan Wenhua [Southeast Culture], (5), 42-48. Retrieved from https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=VfSiRbMmQk3IuzXMRqv3njv9gMrUj28ffJpN_J5E7bAIRoI1oU_SpgvXWXFgN9jRR2yHwrYYcyPJ_KTaaOmjOMJBcqe6I0PRHhtDXQdS1kTV_pc0WdxD-JhNaeLINUSRWoAzBALANstexDq05dhR4hhSNdLlhStq&uniplatform=NZKPT
Li, X. (2000). The glorious traditions of chinese bronzes. Singapore: National Heritage Board.
Li, X., & Allan, S. (1995). Ouzhou suocang zhongguo qingtongqi yizhu [Chinese bronzes: A selection from European collections]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Li, Y. (2009). Yinxu chutu qiwu xuancui [Selected artefacts unearthed at Yinxu]. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.
Li, Z. (2009). Meide licheng [The path of beauty]. Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company.
Liang, S., & Gao, Q. (1962). Houjiazhuang: Henan Anyang Houjiazhuang Yin dai mudi, di er ben, 1001 hao damu [Houjiazhuang: The Yin-Shang cemetery site at Anyang, Honan, Vol. 2, Tomb 1001] (Vols. 1-2). Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.
Liang, S., & Gao, Q. (1970). Houjiazhuang diwuben 1004 hao damu [Houjiazhuang: The fifth volume, tomb No. 1004]. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.
Liu, D. (1972). Ji liangchengzhen yizhi faxian de liangjian shiqi [Two stone tools discovered at the Liangcheng town site], Kaogu [Archaeology], (4), 56-57. Retrieved from https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=VfSiRbMmQk3k6NuxzD-bFbgJeRASUptJVSkqHtnMWizpejNZSK7g7Rqxv4Mthr80E88tUruUVwYTXcCSHRM4BTywScOLXfcpx6yT_u2NH64dLhO9SkvDdHr6oSkCX0ambqY_qbPwdm0Zu1ibaHshqXD0RK4eKYLv&uniplatform=NZKPT
Luo, Y. (2024). Shangdai qingtongqi shoumiannwen jiexi [Analysis of animal-face motifs on shang dynasty bronze ware] (Master’s thesis). University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Retrieved from http://thesis.ucass.edu.cn/
Luo, Y. (2026). The T-shaped and F-shaped motifs in the animal-face patterns of Shang Dynasty bronzes in China. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 13(1), 2623390. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2026.2623390
Ma, C. (1984). Shangzhou qingtongqi wenshi zongshu [A survey of decorative motifs on shang and zhou bronze ware]. In Shanghai Museum Bronze Ware Research Group (Ed.), Shangzhou qingtongqi wenshi [Decorative Motifs on Shang and Zhou Bronze Ware] (pp. 1-34). Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
National Museum of China & Jiangxi Provincial Department of Culture (2006). Shangdai jiangnan: Jiangxi xingan dayangzhou chutu wenwu jicui [Jiangnan in the Shang Dynasty: Selected artefacts unearthed at Dayangzhou, Xinggan, Jiangxi]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
Preucel, R. W. (2006). Archaeological semiotics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Qian, Z. (1998). Xizhou qingtongqi shoumianwen shang lingxing fuhao shitan [A Preliminary Study on the Rhombic Symbols in the Animal-Face Patterns of Western Zhou Bronze Ware]. In Editorial Board of Zhou-Qin Cultural Studies (Ed.), Zhouqin wenhua yanjiu [Zhou-Qin Cultural Studies] (pp. 492-494). Xi’an: Shaanxi People’s Press.
Qin, X. (1988). Haiwai yizhen tongqi xu [Overseas Treasures: Bronze Vessels, Continuation]. Taipei: Taipei Palace Museum.
Sang, Y. (1987). Shangdao qingtongqi taotiewen chutan [A Preliminary Study of Taotie Patterns on Shang Dynasty Bronze Ware], Zhongyuan Wenwu [Cultural Relics of Central China], (3), 79-83. Retrieved from https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=VfSiRbMmQk1SVfCwItCIQEe-y-8r6FngQCsVcqypo2LihjJ6rxdlH3oMD-Oo0DvCvlq_VZzuOLi8j4zmHOX4H2rMajDgvulAfWzDN-4EewW3jt7bM80hHGJibp5QXTpInGiQkckMZ1vpMEd7StmPXPGazTJNN8iB&uniplatform=NZKPT
Shao, W. (1993). Haidai xi guyu lueshuo [A brief discussion on ancient jade from the Hai-Dai region]. In Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Ed.), Zhongguo kaoguxue luncong: zhongguo shehui kexueyuan kaogu yanjiusuo jiansuo 40 zhounian jinian [Chinese archaeology: Essays commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences] (pp. 131-141). Beijing: Science Press.
Speake, G. (1980). Anglo-saxon animal art and its germanic background. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Sun, J. (1998). Longshan yuzhi [Longshan jade raptor]. In Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology (Ed.), Yuanwang ji: Shaanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo huadan sishi zhounian jinian wenji [Distant visions: Commemorative collection for the fortieth anniversary of the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology] (pp. 164-176). Xi’an: Shaanxi People’s Fine Arts Press.
The Palace Museum (1999). Gugong qingtongqi zhongying duizhao [Bronze Artifacts of the Forbidden City: Chinese-English Edition]. Beijing: Forbidden City Press.
Wang, D., & Song, B. (1998). Tushuo meizhou tuteng [Illustrations of American Totems]. Beijing: People’s Fine Arts Press.
Wang, D., & Wang, S. (1997). Tushuo zhongguo tuteng [Illustrations of Chinese Totems]. Beijing: People’s Fine Arts Press.
Wang, L. (2007). Shoumian wenshi de muti jiqi yanbian [The Motif and Evolution of Animal-Face Ornamentation]. Yishu Tansuo [Art Exploration], (1) 12-13. doi:10.13574/j.cnki.artsexp.2007.01.003
Wang, R. (2021). Fangling ehua: Shiqian yu zaoqi wenming de shenxing biaozhi [Rhombic Forehead Ornaments: Divine Symbols in Prehistoric and Early Civilizations]. Nanfang Wenwu [Cultural Relics in Southern China], (2), 258-268. Retrieved from https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=VfSiRbMmQk1CAYvWDM06N36gNMJUemaVzpNW5bFKKDwKntlD6Xr7ZN_rM4sQTBGcx2WKNU-5khomodUryT6xcJiwZsFerJhurJu08J7oy5UMBHtRe5K6pA7U80x9_BWzR7eWS_6Tfxv1Q3dNZcsepI0aJQukZJEXwrssESoUsig=&uniplatform=NZKPT
Wei, X. (2007). Taotiewen santi: qiyuan, gongneng yu yanbian [Three Topics on the Taotie Pattern: Origin, Fun-ction and Evolution] (Master’s Thesis). School of History, Shaanxi Normal University. Retrieved from https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=VfSiRbMmQk3GMIBClFfRiCK5fUJO0H8fVJq8oDhJs1om-Si2xLFQu6gUQjLKhb0FtfMO5df5onBd904-B4Yja3kEFcEkxdzq4fxptYfmGXqEgvg5A1UYSsXbouuYAATgyKAdmxLh5QUwuJTDfj8ijikRZ8BrwPoCJ2Qcanp2lw=&uniplatform=NZKPT
Xiao, B. (2011). Zhongguo shanggu tushi de wenhua pandu: Jiangou taotie de duomianxiang [Cultural Interpretation of Ancient Chinese Ornamentation: Constructing the Multifaceted Taotie]. Wuhan: Hubei People’s Press.
Xin, Y. (2019). Shangzhou qingtongqi shoumianwen “jue” bu xiaoyi [A brief discussion on the “jue” component in animal-face patterns on Shang and Zhou bronze ware], Huanghe, Huangtu, Huangzhongren [Yellow River Yellow Earth Yellow Race], (22), 29-32. Retrieved from https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=VfSiRbMmQk1VkF_K4HMGp9ymqkwI4FsoDUGnPLSHKb4YkOjkPpYcrRzF64BhrhMm8s4qdo6O6Rn3uDCIZskvhSQAjT1yqKPDbXFVbPWksZB8pvQjyrvyjnTFk_b-FaTOFnVU57HZZXaSkR4D1_Tb8daFZMHdfXQpAHtfaBhqZuQ=&uniplatform=NZKPT
Xu, S. (1963). Shuowen Jiezi. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
Yang, X. (2008). Lingyizhong gushi: Qingtongqi wenshi tuxing wenzi yutuxiang mingwen de jiedu [Reflections of Early China: Décor, Pictographs, and Pictorial Inscriptions]. (J. Tang & Y. Sun Trans.). Beijing: SDX Joint Publishing Company.
You, R. (2001). Gudai yuqi tonglun [General theory of ancient jade artifacts]. Beijing: Forbidden City Press.
Yuan, D. (1974). Taotiewen de jieshuo [The Definition of the Taotie Pattern]. Gugong xueshu jikan [Palace Museum Academic Quarterly]. Cited in Han, D. (2011). Taotiewen duobianxing yanjiu [Research on the Variability of the Taotie Pattern]. Zhongyuan Wenwu [Cultural Relics of Central China], (1) 53-61. Retrieved from https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=VfSiRbMmQk3lqeO0Dl5NbrF4wGXRHkwlemgWzwVLQCKOpvE6IZgZXus_RpOT3gF9Kj2Dl4ES96DqUWIQVUWEooIeHV6Zwh4wQWRk1YGKhQqs8Kq4R25Lcc6uiX226eyIo9_zRUEiy50WzX8CBp5lazrz6qsFect&uniplatform=NZKPT
Zhang, C. (1997). Liangzhu wenhua damu shixi [A preliminary analysis of the grand tombs of the liangzhu culture]. Kaoguxue Yanjiu [A Collection of Studies on Archaeology], 57-67. Retrieved from https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=VfSiRbMmQk0G1Hbbvh2KshkDrjrQg305siaLeydUJ85w6mxC3LCRbDXmL7OT48eSWa7Jfqay1d3Izf9gWT6duy330tUltEP3lJdPQm4tVO9mcj8MP7b33faAcO99rmV239YaOph6rGxAjCc2KXDmevuGkZOWHxcXhfwaQpXaXRQ=&uniplatform=NZKPT
Zhang, Y. (2019). Taotiewen bibu jiemi: di xing wen [Unravelling the Nasal Motif of the Taotie Pattern: The Imperial Star Design], Shehui Kexue Luntan [Tribune of Social Sciences], (4), 4-16. Retrieved from https://ncpssd.org/Literature/secure/articleinfo?params=T3NEREVNVEtJeXhDaEZaQUYyNWVOTXIzSWFpQjJ1YWdiWnIzbFlxZE02c2QxZG5xK1FlRklLNnJGNnNmcTgycjVIS1F4NUpQSUxZNTdWNWVlWVVWVlpNeHZ1M2Z4dmpFbUxtYjBFVGJaZTJrMWg2M3lBb1lIeUlmRWtSaURsL2M&pageUrl=https%253A%252F%252Fncpssd.org%252FLiterature%252Farticlelist%253FsType%253D0%2526search%253DKElLVEU9Iumllemkrue6uem8u%252BmDqOino%252BWvhlxcXDrluJ3mmJ%252FnurkiIE9SIElLUFlURT0i6aWV6aSu57q56by76YOo6Kej5a%252BGXFxcOuW4neaYn%252Be6uSIgIE9SIElLU1Q9Iumllemkrue6uem8u%252BmDqOino%252BWvhlxcXDrluJ3mmJ%252FnurkiIE9SIElLRVQ9Iumllemkrue6uem8u%252BmDqOino%252BWvhlxcXDrluJ3mmJ%252FnurkiIE9SIElLU0U9Iumllemkrue6uem8u%252BmDqOino%252BWvhlxcXDrluJ3mmJ%252FnurkiKQ%253D%253D%2526searchname%253D6aKY5ZCNL%252BWFs%252BmUruivjT0i6aWV6aSu57q56by76YOo6Kej5a%252BGXFxcOuW4neaYn%252Be6uSI%253D%2526nav%253D0%2526ajaxKeys%253D6aWV6aSu57q56by76YOo6Kej5a%252BGXFxcOuW4neaYn%252Be6uQ%253D%253D
Zhang, Y. (2020). Bizu wen de yansheng wenyang: Zuzong wen [Derivative Patterns of the Ancestral Pattern: The Ancestral Lineage Pattern], Shehui Kexue Luntan [Tribune of Social Sciences], (2), 4-13. Retrieved from https://ncpssd.org/Literature/secure/articleinfo?params=UzBOQUIxN01ZUTlCV1BSRWhvT21jY3IzSWFpQjJ1YWdiWnIzbFlxZE02c2QxZG5xK1FlRklLNnJGNnNmcTgycjVIS1F4NUpQSUxZNTdWNWVlWVVWVlpNeHZ1M2Z4dmpFbUxtYjBFVGJaZTJrMWg2M3lBb1lIeUlmRWtSaURsL2M&pageUrl=https%253A%252F%252Fncpssd.org%252FLiterature%252Farticlelist%253FsType%253D0%2526search%253DKElLVEU9Ium8u%252Bellue6ueeahOihjeeUn%252Be6ueagt1xcXDrlrpfnpZbnurkiIE9SIElLUFlURT0i6by756WW57q555qE6KGN55Sf57q55qC3XFxcOuWul%252Bellue6uSIgIE9SIElLU1Q9Ium8u%252Bellue6ueeahOihjeeUn%252Be6ueagt1xcXDrlrpfnpZbnurkiIE9SIElLRVQ9Ium8u%252Bellue6ueeahOihjeeUn%252Be6ueagt1xcXDrlrpfnpZbnurkiIE9SIElLU0U9Ium8u%252Bellue6ueeahOihjeeUn%252Be6ueagt1xcXDrlrpfnpZbnurkiKQ%253D%253D%2526searchname%253D6aKY5ZCNL%252BWFs%252BmUruivjT0i6by756WW57q555qE6KGN55Sf57q55qC3XFxcOuWul%252Bellue6uSI%253D%2526nav%253D0%2526ajaxKeys%253D6by756WW57q555qE6KGN55Sf57q55qC3XFxcOuWul%252Bellue6uQ%253D%253D
Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2003). Hemudu: xinshiqi shidai yizhi kaogu fajue baogao [Hemudu: Archaeological Excavation Report of a Neolithic Site]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (2005). Fanshan. Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Zheng, X. (annotator), & Kong, Y. (commentator). (2009). Liji Zhengyi. In Y. Ruan. (Ed.), Shisanjing zhushu [Thirteen Classics with Commentaries and Annotations]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2026 Herança - Revista de História, Património e Cultura
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
